Friday, 1 March 2024

February Weather Stats in the new normal




This February was a leap year with 29 days instead of the usual 28. It was almost 2C warmer than the LTA, and with more rainfall. We had more solar radiation than the previous two years which helped with solar PV energy generation. The daffodils have been blooming all month. 

The provisional numbers are in for the UK. England and Wales experienced their respective warmest Februarys on record, provisional Met Office statistics have revealed. The forecaster said southern England also had its wettest February since records began in 1836, with many parts of the region recording more than twice their average monthly rainfall.

Reuters says Spring came early everywhere in the northern hemisphere. The month of February saw cherry blossoms bloom a month early in Japan, bare ski slopes in Europe, and raging wildfires in Texas and Chile. In the last few days of the month, temperatures plummeted by 60 degrees in the US midwest accompanied by tornadoes, while a blizzard is dumping up to 12 feet of snow in California. While data has not been finalized, scientists say February 2024 is on track to have the highest global average temperature ever recorded for that month. If confirmed, that would be the ninth consecutive monthly temperature record to be broken,

Monthly values for NEWPORT up to 29-feb-2024

Total rainfall in millimetres for NEWPORT

YearJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecAnnual
2024125.7197.5n/a323.2
2023183.291.6188.4121.148.577.9206.8139.8142.4144.7209.6293.81847.8
202298.8260.467.884.0107.0148.059.2104.197.3233.9187.5154.61602.6
2021225.6147.6141.145.6113.564.159.7155.6137.0265.7183.3186.61725.4
LTA166.7126.5141.296.894.789.7100.9132.5131.5176.0170.4180.21607.1

Mean temperature in degrees Celsius for NEWPORT

YearJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecAnnual
20246.17.9n/a7.0
20236.68.07.69.913.317.414.915.815.211.98.77.911.4
20227.27.18.09.912.613.815.916.2n/a12.29.45.210.7
20215.06.77.99.010.413.317.516.415.211.99.37.610.9
LTA6.16.17.39.011.513.815.415.413.510.88.36.510.3

Mean 10cm soil temperature for NEWPORT at 0900 UTC

YearJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecAnnual
20244.26.5n/a5.3
20235.26.86.69.113.718.616.316.314.711.17.66.711.1
20226.26.26.39.313.214.816.816.6n/a11.58.44.410.4
20213.65.06.88.210.914.317.916.315.211.38.66.610.4
LTAn/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/a

Global Solar Radiation in Joules/cm2 for NEWPORT

YearJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecAnnual
2024724812401n/a19649
2023624510639214293727755732584734179736857293381622583264411326749
2022631110756333994055551569472464843951169n/a1598878696167319468
2021662013347203704569455690454884945540490224131635872353780326940
LTAn/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/a

Potential Evapotranspiration (mm) for NEWPORT

YearJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecAnnual
202415.418.1n/a33.5
202314.320.933.056.483.3100.670.164.450.126.114.214.7548.1
202213.723.047.260.677.776.080.482.0n/a27.217.29.2514.2
20217.622.930.762.976.370.787.867.538.325.114.114.6518.5
LTAn/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/a

Evaporation (mm) for NEWPORT

YearJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecAnnual
202420.225.4n/a45.6
202318.828.247.681.6118.2137.199.589.167.835.518.419.0760.8
202217.932.466.586.8114.5109.2111.1113.2n/a37.022.011.4722.0
202110.932.145.489.9111.2102.0117.293.552.134.718.619.1726.7
LTAn/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/a

Degree Days Below 15.5 Degree Celsius for NEWPORT

YearJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecTotal
2024293221N/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A
202327521024617185183926531182032371681
202225623423517197633028N/A103185320N/A
2021325247236200167792023401141872451883

Notes on the Data

Evaporation and PE data are calculated using Penman/Monteith formulae.
The ‘LTA’ (referred to within a table) is average for the climatological long-term-average (LTA) reference period 1981-2010.
Data updated daily at Mid-day.
To view the Weather Events for Public Works Contracts data, select a station first, then click the link just below the map.


Thursday, 29 February 2024

Tempranillo vs Malbec

Ancient Argentine Malbec vine

A wine merchant once let me onto a secret about ordering from an unfamiliar wine list: go for the Rioja or the Malbec and you can’t go wrong. Some of my favourite wines lately have been Malbecs and Ribera del Duero or Riojas, both of the latter based on Tempranillo grapes although the latter tends to be blended with other varietals. 

We fell in love with Malbecs after I read The Vineyard at the End of the World. I loved that book and the story of how a rotgut wine made from ancient Argentinian grapevines was brought back to life by enterprising wine lovers. We tried our first taste of Malbec at the Black Pig wine bar in Kinsale eons ago and have been drinking it ever since. It was that memorable.

Even longer ago, in the 1980s, a friend introduced me to Marqués de Cáceres, a Rioja that was almost unknown on the world stage at the time. He was a wine merchant and would deliver cases of it for about $2.50 a bottle. It was my house wine for years. I didn't know at the time that it was based on the Tempranillo grape. Of course, now the Marqués de Cáceres Crianza sells for about €16.95 while the Reserva goes for twice that. 

The Marqués de Cáceres winery was founded in 1970 by Enrique Forner, and it quickly gained recognition for its high-quality Rioja wines. Forner chose Tempranillio given that a century before wine producers and merchants from Bordeaux had chosen La Rioja vines when fleeing the phylloxera plague. This Crianza Rioja is made from a blend of Tempranillo, Garnacha, and Graciano grapes. It is aged for 12 months in oak barrels and then bottle-aged for an additional 12 months before release. This aging process gives the wine a complex flavour profile with notes of red fruit, vanilla, and spice. I can often buy it here in Ireland. 

The wine is medium-bodied with moderate tannins and acidity, making it a versatile pairing for a variety of foods including grilled meats, roasted vegetables, and hard cheeses. Overall, Marqués de Cáceres Crianza Rioja is a great choice for those looking for a high-quality, traditional Rioja wine.

Marquez de Riscal, founded in 1858, Reserva sells for about €25 and is a blend of Graciano, Mazuelo, and Tempranillo. It is fresh and elegant with aromas and flavours of liquorice, cinnamon, and black pepper, as well as concentrated black fruits and a touch of balsamic. 

Marquez de Riscal has taken up organic and regenerative practices. Marqués de Riscal prolongs the life of its vines thanks to a revolutionary system of rejuvenation. They have won acclaim as the second-best vineyard in the world for the third year running.  It was especially sweet for them as in 2023 the awards were held in Rioja. Catena Zapata from Argentina was chosen as the first-place vineyard. They are the leading producers of Malbec in Argentina. Read about Malbec in Argentina here. We'll be sampling the Catena Zapata this week. 

Sadly for us, I believe we cannot grow either Malbec or Tempranillo here. Both require heat and Malbec requires lots of sun and elevation, neither of which we have at this time. So we'll just have to be content with sampling the occasional bottle of both from the vast choice of vineyards around the world. It shouldn't be too taxing. 


A Ribera del  Duero Tempranillo vine


Wednesday, 28 February 2024

Study reveals grape varieties resistant to drought

Figure 3 Hierarchical clustering analysis of the 30 grapevine varieties screened based on the varietal Ψ12, Ψ50 and Ψ88 values. Vitis varieties were organized into four clusters of vulnerability to xylem embolism: low (dark green rectangle), low-to-medium (light green rectangle), medium-to-high (orange rectangle), high (red rectangle). 




Sci Rep. 2023; 13: 7724. Published online 2023 May 12. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-34224-6

A first-ever study of the vulnerability of grapevines to drought has yielded interesting results. According to the data, Ugni Blanc (which I've not heard of) and Chardonnay counted among the most vulnerable traditional grape varieties, while Pinot Noir, Merlot, and Cabernet Sauvignon ranked among the most resilient. Syrah and Alsatian Sylvaner were also in the top third of the ranking. 

I do question the validity of their testing methods. As I understand it, they used centrifugal force to determine how twigs cut from the vines reacted to stressors. Not sure how that accurately reflects 50 days of drought. I'll have to search out the actual paper to read the methodology and the reasoning first-hand. 

Editorial note: Found the paper. 

They evaluated drought-induced xylem embolism by conducting in situ flow-centrifugation measurements in summer exclusively. They also measured xylem embolism vulnerability in stems and leaves in Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah to assess the hypothesis of hydraulic vulnerability segmentation. This hypothesis posits that distal organs (e.g. leaves) are more vulnerable to xylem embolism than perennial organs (e.g. stems) in order for plants to protect permanent, high-investment tissues. Comparisons between organs showed that across the two varieties, leaves exhibited significantly higher vulnerability to embolism than stems. 

Sci Rep. 2023 May 12;13(1):7724. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-34224-6.

Quantifying the grapevine xylem embolism resistance spectrum to identify varieties and regions at risk in a future dry climate

Laurent J Lamarque, Chloé E L Delmas, Guillaume Charrier, Régis Burlett, Ninon Dell'Acqua, Jérôme Pouzoulet, Gregory A Gambetta, Sylvain Delzon 

As we planted Chardonnay and Pinot Noir, one of the most and one of the least vulnerable, we'll see how this plays out with time. Right now, the Pinot vines are doing great and the Chardonnay less than great.