In my last post, I said winter was over. But it had only just begun. Now in April, we've had brilliant sunshine but frost almost daily.
Our experimental grape vines seem to have survived the winter. They have not leafed but are budding strongly. Hope!
The weather has been very strange. The winter was mild but very wet and
stormy. Then the cold snap came just before most things started
budding. A few garden plants didn't survive but I am hopeful that the
cold was enough to harden the grape vines. They need a bit of cold
weather to shock them into action.The last week has been blissfully sunny with no rain at all. How very strange. We went from 3 degrees C to 18.5 degrees centigrade overnight. Now it's back down to 3 degrees again as we cycle within a huge anticyclone and the winds clock between northerly and southerly.
The fruit trees are laden with flower buds ready to burst open, but there is no sign of the honey bees. The hive appears to be dead. How sad, how very very sad. Especially after reading the astonishing novel called The Bees. I couldn't wait to watch them this year having studied their behaviour and read this profoundly influential story. But only bumble bees have appeared in our garden. What will we do? There is word of hives having collapsed all over the country, thought to be the aftermath of an extraordinarily wet and cool summer that never came last year.
Meanwhile the climate change reports indicate that globally March was once again the hottest month on record (not here!) and the 11th consecutive month of increasing temperatures. According to data from the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), the average global temperatures were 1.07 °C (1.9°F) above the average in March since records began in 1891. Data released by NASA shows that March was 1.65°C (3.0°F) warmer than the averages between
1951 and 1980.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA), the primary keeper of such data in the U.S., reported even more dire news. "The average global temperature across land surfaces was 2.33°C (4.19°F) above the 20th
century average of 3.2°C (37.8°F), the highest March temperature on
record, surpassing the previous March record set in 2008 by 0.43°C
(0.77°F) and surpassing the all-time single-month record set last month
by 0.02°C (0.04°F). The combined average temperature over global land and ocean surfaces for
March 2016 was the highest for this month in the 1880–2016 record, at
1.22°C (2.20°F) above the 20th century average of 12.7°C (54.9°F)."
So according to NOAA's figures, we've already surpassed the 2 degree mark. Anomalies are occurring all over the world.
Meanwhile, last month we visited the Chiltern Valley Winery & Brewery near Henley in England and learned all about small winery viticulture in the UK. They had just pulled up all their grapes and replanted with new varieties. Their wines are quite interesting but they produce mainly with other growers' fruit. We learned principally that it takes a fair bit of investment to get a little operation going and so it's best to produce small quantities of liqueurs. We also learned that we planted the vines in the wrong orientation (up and down the hill instead of across the hill facing the sun). It was great fun, the guide was very knowledgeable and entertaining, and fun was had by all.
Now let's get back to growing grapes.
A chronicle of our preposterous journey to grow wine grapes and make wine in the west of Ireland, where the mountains come down to the sea along the Wild Atlantic Way.
Sunday, 24 April 2016
Saturday, 12 March 2016
March has arrived and winter is over
White grape vines still asleep. |
Red grape vines showing signs of life. |
It is the 12th of March and winter hardly affected us this year. We had a few days of sleet and hail, lots of rain and wind, but very little snow and frost. It was generally mild the whole way. We did have about a week of cold weather that has just passed when there was frost on the grass so hopefully the much needed snap will have done its duty on insects and sleeping plants.
This week, warm dry weather has arrived. Lots of shrubs and flowers are budding. But the plants in the vineyard are still asleep. It's our first winter and I am anxious about whether the plants survived and if they will produce this year. I am excited about seeing them grow to the height of the stakes Alex erected. He wanted to buy more plants already but I stopped him until we see what happens in this first year.
The strongest El Nino on record and the warmest February ever are wreaking havoc throughout the world but mostly in the Pacific. There was little snow in Europe and we did not go skiing, opting to celebrate our 20th wedding anniversary and Alex's 60th birthday with friends and neighbors. I gave Alex a drone for his birthday so hopefully he'll manage to get some footage of the vineyard and we'll even be able to spot some of the plants from up high.
In the meantime, we've been starting lots of plants in the greenhouse and have prepared the vegetable beds in the garden. Alex even moved the lawn yesterday. The climate report for Ireland was issued by Met Eireann last week and the effects are already noticeable. Our average temperature is 0.8 degrees higher than 100 years ago. The extremes are expected to get extremer. Let's hope that bodes well for our little vineyard overlooking the Holy Mountain and Clew Bay. Our guard cats certainly enjoy it.
One guard cat on the alert. |
Tuesday, 13 October 2015
The harvest
Our first grapes. |
White grape vines more robust |
Red grape vines produced fruit |
I harvested my first grape yesterday. It was pea sized. It was delicious. Sweet and juicy. Gorgeous deep colour. Thick protective skin. It was such a treat. We had not expected a 'harvest' in the first year.
Well, okay, it's not really a harvest. It's more of a tasting. Only the red grape vines produced fruit. The white vines grew more robustly than the red vines, but the red vines were the only ones that fruited.
At least we know it can happen -- that grapes may form and ripen in our climate.
Interestingly, we had the coldest summer on record but October has been magnificent. The Azores high has blanketed Ireland and it forced Hurricane Joaquin to go south. Yippee! Gorgeous sunshine, gentle breeze, mild days, and cold nights. We actually have a real autumn with trees changing colours rather than just turning brown and blowing off. Perhaps climate change won't be so bad for Ireland after all.
The vineyard in October. |
Friday, 11 September 2015
Impact of Climate Change on Viticulture Globally
The higher likelihood is that someone recognizes the potential and establishes competition elsewhere which eventually becomes more successful. At that point, the original estate begins to need more income and finds new crops to plant that are more suitable to the new environment. At least, that's how I imagine things to work and have read similar stories.
Michelle Renee Mozell and Liz Thach write in their recent review article, "Though wine is not essential to human survival, wine is an important product of human ingenuity." They tackle the global literature about the impact of climate change on the global wine industry. It's that human fascination with wine that makes wine production a sacrosanct activity and may even be the impetus that gets governments on board the climate change mitigation train.
The entire range of grape growing climate zones is about 10°C globally; for some grapes, such as Pinot noir, the range is an even narrower 2C°. Many progressive wine growers have already taken steps to mitigate the effects of climate change, including cooling the grapes by misting and changes irrigation practices. But in the long run, those types of practices will be affected by availability of fresh water as we are seeing in California. Some are changing the manner in which they process the grapes into wine and others are planting new more tolerant varieties or buying up land in more favourable climates. It is surprising how aware these growers are of the changing climate compared with the naysayers in the public domain. But of course, farmers and fishermen are always among the first to notice the changes, it's just that they are infrequently asked by the scientists to share their observations. Perhaps now they will be, especially as funding for science drops out.
But there are three areas that still need research to determine optimal strategies:
- studies to identify how plants, microrganisms and pathogens will respond to simultaneous rise in temperature and CO2 while rainfall decreases in traditional wine growing regions
- means by which to reduce emission of the greenhouse gasses, nitrous oxide and methane, by vineyards during the production of wines
- resource management throughout the production chain
The authors conclude, "wine's future is tied inextricably to a vital Earth and a vital population. Grape growers and winemakers must understand both the dire condition of the planet and the small, but significant, role their industry holds in the human matrix. They must seek, therefore, in a responsible manner, their proper and effective role in the adaptation to and the mitigation of global climate change. The future of the wine industry is dependent upon an effective course of action. The Romans declared, 'Vino veritas,' or 'in wine there is truth'. The simple, yet tragic, truth is the Earth's climate is changing. How the wine industry responds will determine if the industry is to survive."
www.sciencedirect.com
Wine Economics and Policy 3 (2014) 81–89
The impact of climate change on the global wine industry:
Challenges & solutions
Michelle Renée Mozell, Liz Thach
Sonoma State University Wine Business Institute, 1801 E. Cotati Blvd, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA
http://ac.els-cdn.com/S2212977414000222/1-s2.0-S2212977414000222-main.pdf?_tid=6c72a3ec-57d4-11e5-9028-00000aacb361&acdnat=1441900736_d33fc9b7e34238d304eb94e45364105f
Wednesday, 9 September 2015
The science of wine
Original edition cover. |
Current edition. |
Being a scientist by training, I would naturally be attracted to the scientific side of things, although I do believe that viniculture is as much an art as it is a science, perhaps even with a little witchcraft thrown in. Maybe like in the book Blessed are the Cheesemakers we should be humming the Sound of Music to the grapevines to make them grow luscious grapes.
Anyway, this title -- The science of wine -- by Jamie Goode caught my attention. Curiously, the first edition has a subtitle FROM VINE TO GLASS. The second edition in the photo has the same subtitle and was published by University of California Press and is being sold for $39.95. The copy I purchased has the title Wine Science and subtitle The Application of Science in Winemaking. Personally, I prefer the simpler from vine to glass which says it all without redundancy. The publisher's name, Mitchell Beazley, also appears on the cover of my edition, which is confusing as I have never heard of that imprint and it looked just like another author's name. That version is available on amazon for $23-26 and shows it being shipped from the UK. Not to be confused with the Wine Science, Fourth Edition: Principles and Applications (Food Science and Technology) July 7, 2014 by Ronald S. Jackson which sells for $122.45 in print and $77 in Kindle. All versions are hardcover. Confused yet? I was but it is worth the effort.
Current edition, different publisher? |
The fact that the second edition was released April 1, 2014 makes it that much more interesting to me, as it's not only April Fool's Day it is my namesake day. Yes, St. Daria's Day is April 1. But I wonder why they changed the title. The edition I have shows up with a publication date of April 10, 2014. So what made them change it between April 1 and April 10? It may be that one is published in the US and the other in the UK but why would both be available in both places. And why change it to a title that is already in use. Plus the author released a Kindle only supplement which has the chapters that were cut from the second edition but appeared in the first edition. Among them was the chapter on the effect of global warming, so naturally I had to buy that, too.
But anyway, I seriously digressed. The book is divided into three sections. In the Vineyard, In the Winery, and Our Interaction with Wine. That makes a lot of sense. As I sat down to read it, I was pleasantly surprised by the author's style. It is not overly scientific but rather quite readable. The author's own knowledge and experience is supplemented by analysis of the most current scientific literature and interpretation by experts in each of the fields. It is a rich mixture of fact and opinion that he presents the reader.
The first part covers everything that affects the vineyard from the biology of the plants, terroir in terms of soil structure and climate, the interaction between roots and elements in the soil, key diseases and pests, different theories of plant management, biodynamics in the vineyard, moisture control and stress, and trellis systems, pruning and canopy management. In a short 87 pages, I felt the author had imparted a wealth of knowledge that would serve us well in growing the grapes for the first few years. I will come back to this book time and again.
Labels:
biodynamics,
climate,
diseases,
pests,
pruning,
roots,
science,
soil,
terroir,
vine management,
vineyard,
viniculture,
viticulture,
water,
wine
Friday, 21 August 2015
Vines are dying in California
I have a feeling I'm not going to like being right. A comprehensive study has shown that climate change accelerated by man is responsible for the drought in California and will continue to have significant effects. An article in the New York Times said:
"A report this week by researchers at the University of California, Davis, projected that the drought would cost the California economy some $2.7 billion this year. Much of that pain is being felt in the state’s huge farming industry, which has been forced to idle a half-million acres and has seen valuable crops like almond trees and grape vines die."
It's not even that the grapes have become raisins, it says the grape vines have died. I've just found a picture and stats on how much impact the drought has had. They are not yet talking about this much but if you dig a little you'll find that it bad and getting worse.
"Dead and dying grape vines in Bakersfield, California, USA. Following an unprecedented four year long drought, Bakersfield is now the driest city in the USA. Most of California is in exceptional drought, the highest level of drought classification. 428,000 acres of agricultural land have been taken out of production due to lack of water and thousands of agricultural workers have lost their jobs."
If "wine is sunlight held together by water" as Galileo professed, then California is in deep trouble. They have way too much sunlight and way too little water.
Some producers are benefiting from the drought. Oregon and Washington state are replacing apples with grapes which need only half the water. Vintners in regions of California less affected by drought say their yields will be lower but the wine tastier as a result of reduced rainfall.
But for many in the regions most affected, including Napa and Sonoma, the situation has been dire and getting worse sparking water wars. In each of the last four years, people thought it was as bad as it could get, but it keeps getting worse. And yet, it's even worse for the nut farmers.
Labels:
California,
drought,
grapes,
Napa,
Oregon,
Sonoma,
vines dying,
Washington,
wine
Wednesday, 19 August 2015
Climate change confirmed daily
Today, there was an article in the Washington Post about lobsters moving north into colder waters causing the lobster fisheries to collapse in the southern reaches and dramatically increase in the northern reaches. http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/lobster-population-is-shifting-north-ocean-warming-blamed/2015/08/18/a141b9ec-45bd-11e5-9f53-d1e3ddfd0cda_story.html
Birds are not just shifting latitude but they are also moving inland.
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/indicators/ecosystems/bird-ranges.html
And algal blooms have caused catastrophic beach messes in the Caribbean.
http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/aug/10/caribbean-bound-tourists-cancel-holidays-due-to-foul-smelling-seaweed
Flowers and trees are blooming and leafing earlier in some zones and later in others. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/indicators/ecosystems/leaf-bloom-dates.html
The length of the growing season is changing rapidly. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/indicators/health-society/growing-season.html
Including in Ireland, where summers are expected to be warmer and drier, and the length of summer longer.
http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/climate-impacts-and-vulnerability-2012
http://www.met.ie/publications/handout_temperature.pdf
http://www.met.ie/publications/IrelandinaWarmerWorld.pdf
Birds are not just shifting latitude but they are also moving inland.
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/indicators/ecosystems/bird-ranges.html
And algal blooms have caused catastrophic beach messes in the Caribbean.
http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/aug/10/caribbean-bound-tourists-cancel-holidays-due-to-foul-smelling-seaweed
Flowers and trees are blooming and leafing earlier in some zones and later in others. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/indicators/ecosystems/leaf-bloom-dates.html
The length of the growing season is changing rapidly. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/indicators/health-society/growing-season.html
Including in Ireland, where summers are expected to be warmer and drier, and the length of summer longer.
http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/climate-impacts-and-vulnerability-2012
http://www.met.ie/publications/handout_temperature.pdf
http://www.met.ie/publications/IrelandinaWarmerWorld.pdf
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